Google's BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) update, introduced in late 2019, set a new course in how the search engine understands and interprets search queries. BERT is an advanced deep learning algorithm related to natural language processing. It means, it enhances the understanding of the nuances and context of words in a search query.

BERT's impact in SEO lies chiefly in its ability to comprehend the context and intent behind a search query rather than merely interpreting the words in it. The update is aimed to improve the quality of search results by understanding the search queries just as humans do. Here's how it affects SEO:

1. **Keyword Stuffing**: BERT discourages the common practice of stuffing articles with keywords. It's more interested in the content's quality and relevance, ensuring that the material genuinely provides value to readers.

2. **Long-Tail Keywords**: BERT is designed to better understand the complexities of natural language, which includes longer, conversational queries, or long-tail keywords. This update can interpret the prepositions like 'for,' 'to,' etc., in a query, which were previously ignored but often have a significant influence on the meaning of the query.

3. **Content Quality**: High-quality, well-written content is more relevant post-BERT. The update rewards content that is naturally written, with relevant information, since BERT specializes in understanding context.

In light of these changes, here are some steps you can take to adjust your SEO strategy:

- **Focus on Quality Content**: With BERT's introduction, quality content is more critical than ever before. Create content that provides value to the reader. It must be well-researched, accurate, and insightful.

- **Understand User Intent**: Instead of guessing keywords, shift your strategy to understanding what your users want. Optimize your page to answer these questions and meet user intent.

- **Long-Tail Keywords**: Long-tail, conversational keywords will play a crucial role in your SEO strategy. As voice search becomes more common, and search queries become more conversational, BERT's ability to understand these longer, more specific queries becomes more critical.

- **No Shortcuts**: BERT is meant to reward good content and punish attempts at manipulation or shortcuts. Stick to SEO best practices: genuine, quality content that answers search queries and provides value to visitors.

Remember, though, you can't optimize for BERT per se. Rather, you should see the algorithm update as encouragement to provide relevant, high-quality content that answers users' questions effectively and accurately. In short, focus on the end-user, not the search engine.

Mobile optimization is a crucial factor in SEO for several reasons. The most prominent one is that more than 50% of global internet traffic now comes from mobile devices. It's no longer an option for businesses to ignore mobile optimization; it's a necessity if they want to compete in today's digital landscape.

Here's how mobile optimization impacts SEO:

1. Enhanced User Experience: When websites are optimized for mobile, users don't have to zoom in or scroll horizontally to see your content. This improves user engagement, increases time spent on your website, and lowers your bounce rate — all signals that Google takes into account when ranking your site.

2. Speed: Mobile 'load time' is an official Google ranking factor. Google expects pages on a mobile site to load within one second. Anything longer can affect a user's experience and your website’s ranking.

3. Mobile-First Indexing: Since July 2019, Google has switched to mobile-first indexing. This means Google predominantly uses the mobile version of the content for indexing and ranking against searches, rather than the desktop version. So the mobile version of your site needs to be as good, if not better, than the desktop version.

Here are some tips for mobile site optimization:

1. Design for Mobile: Adopt a responsive design that adapts to different screen sizes and orientations.

2. Compress Images and Text: Compression reduces file sizes and improves page load time.

3. Use Google's Mobile-Friendly Test: Google's Mobile-Friendly Test tool can identify areas of your website that might not work well on mobile devices.

4. Avoid Flash and Pop-ups: Both can harm the mobile experience as not all mobile devices can display Flash, and pop-ups can cover up a lot of a mobile screen, causing frustration.

5. Fix Crawl Errors: Google Search Console can help you detect and fix mobile crawl issues.

Remember, a mobile-optimized website helps enhance user experience, improve your site's visibility in search results, and hence, increases the conversion rate. Always think ‘mobile-first’ for the best SEO results.

Conducting an effective SEO audit involves a number of steps that will help you identify these elements that could be harming your site's search ranking and take the necessary steps for improvement. Here’s how you can go about it.

1. **Crawl Your Website for Issues:** Use tools like SEMRush, Screaming Frog's SEO Spider, or Ahrefs to crawl your website, these tools can typically find issues like broken links, missing meta descriptions or title tags, duplicate content, and more.

2. **Check for Essential SEO Elements:** Ensure that the title tags, meta descriptions, and header tags are both relevant and uniquely descriptive for all your webpages. Remember to ensure that your main keyword is included in these sections.

3. **Analyze Your Website Structure:** Assess the structure and layout of your website. URL structure, site navigation and user experience play a significant role in SEO, ensure they are easy to understand and follow.

4. **On-Page SEO:** Each piece of content on your website should be optimized for SEO. This includes keyword usage in the content, correct use of H1, H2 tags, optimized images (alt tags and file names), internal and external links.

5. **Check Site Speed:** Loading speed is a crucial SEO factor. Google Pagespeed Insights is a good tool for this. Ensure all your pages load quickly. If not, you may need to reduce file sizes, enhance server response time, or make other improvements.

6. **Mobile-Friendliness:** Run your website through a mobile-friendly test, like the one Google provides. A mobile-friendly website is now a must-have for good search rankings.

7. **Technical SEO:** Look out for things like XML sitemap (ensure it's submitted to Google), structured data, use of JavaScript, CSS, & Flash, HTTPS, status code errors, and more.

8. **Analyze your Backlink Profile:** Use tools like Ahrefs, Moz, or SEMRush to analyze your backlinks. Backlinks from dubious websites can harm your SEO. You need to have quality backlinks from reputable sites.

9. **Review Google Search Console and Google Analytics:** These platforms provide invaluable insights about your website’s performance in SERPs, and can help you identify any potential issues.

10. **Check for Keyword Optimization:** Each page should be appropriately optimized for target keywords. Keywords should naturally and sparingly be included in the title, headings, and throughout the content.

11. **Analyze your Competitors:** Please take note of what your competitors are doing well in SEO terms, and identify opportunities where you could replicate their success on your website.

Bear in mind that this process will take time and is ongoing; SEO isn't set-it-and-forget-it. Regularly conducting an SEO audit will ensure your website stays optimized and maintains a solid search presence. Remember - the ultimate goal is to provide impactful and meaningful content to your user. Treat SEO as a means to that end.

Meta tags are snippets of text that describe a page's content, but they do not appear on the actual webpage itself. Instead, they reside in the page's HTML code. To a typical user browsing your site, meta tags would not be visible. However, they provide information about the webpage to search engines, which utilize this information in various ways.

In terms of Search Engine Optimization (SEO), meta tags play several pivotal roles:

1. **Title tag**: This is the most important tag from an SEO perspective as it tells search engines what a specific page is about. It's displayed on the search engine results page (SERP) as the clickable headline. A good title tag should be relevant to the page content, unique for every page, and within 60-70 characters.

2. **Meta Description**: This tag gives a brief summary of your web page content. Although it does not directly affect the search engine ranking, a well-crafted meta description can enhance the click-through rate (CTR). So, it’s best if it's enticing, relevant, and within 155-160 characters.

3. **Meta Robots Attribute**: This tag instructs search engines about which pages or parts of the website to crawl or index. These include "Follow/NoFollow" that tells crawlers whether or not to follow outbound links on the page, and "Index/NoIndex" that tells crawlers whether or not to index the page for search results.

4. **Header Tags (H1, H2, H3, etc)**: These tags help separate your web content into sections that are easier to read and utilize. They're vital indicators of content structure to the search engines. Typically, a page should have only one H1 tag but can have multiple H2s or H3s as subheaders.

5. **Alt Tags or Alt Text**: These tags are used within an HTML code to describe the appearance and function of an image on a page. Alt tags, also known as "alt attributes" or "alt descriptions," are used by search engines to understand image content.

Remember, while meta tags are fundamentally important, they are just one piece of the vast SEO puzzle. Considering factors like keyword optimization, content quality, user experience, and a myriad of other on-page and off-page SEO practices are equally vital. Just make sure the meta tags are aligned with your content and serve to enhance not just search engine understanding but user experience as well.

Website loading speed, or page speed, plays a significant role in SEO for several reasons. A faster website delivers a better user experience and this is something that Google and other search engines care about. Here's why:

1. **User Experience (UX):** Internet users typically prefer sites that load faster. If your website takes too long to load, visitors are more likely to leave, increasing your site's bounce rate. This behavioral factor can indirectly impact your ranking as search engines may view your site as less relevant due to poor user experience.

2. **Crawl Budget:** Search engine crawlers have an allocated crawl budget for each website, which is the number of pages they'll crawl in a given period. If your website's loading speed is slow, fewer pages will be crawled, which could mean some of your pages won't get indexed.

3. **Direct Ranking Factor:** Google has openly stated that site speed is one of the signals used by its algorithm to rank pages. Though it’s not the biggest ranking factor, it does play a part in overall SEO effectiveness.

4. **Mobile Experience:** In the last few years, Google has moved to mobile-first indexing, which means it primarily uses the mobile version of the content for indexing and ranking. As mobile users are often on slower connections, load speed becomes even more critical.

5. **Conversion Rates:** While not directly an SEO factor, a slow-loading site can hurt your conversion rates. If your site is faster, visitors are more likely to stay longer, browse more, and ultimately make a purchase, sign up, fill out a form, or whatever your conversion goal may be. That improved engagement can, in turn, have positive SEO impacts.

To enhance site loading speed, consider strategies like optimizing image sizes, reducing the number of plugins or JavaScript elements, leveraging browser caching, minifying CSS, JavaScript, and HTML, utilizing a Content Delivery Network (CDN), and employing lazy load for images.

Remember, with regards to SEO, much of your focus should be on delivering a quality user experience, and fast website loading plays a key role in that endeavor.

Backlinks, also known as 'inbound links' or 'external links,' are hyperlinks from one website to another. They are of paramount importance to Search Engine Optimization (SEO) for several reasons:

1. **Trust and Authority**: Search engines like Google consider backlinks as votes of confidence from one site to another. If your site has backlinks from high-authority, trustworthy websites, search engines assume your content is likewise trustworthy and authoritative. Consequently, your site ranks higher.

2. **Referral Traffic**: Aside from SEO, backlinks can also drive direct traffic to your website. A reader on another website might click a backlink to your site out of interest, becoming a potential new customer.

3. **Visibility and indexing**: Backlinks also help search engine bots discover and index your content. The more backlinks, the faster search engines can find new pages on your website.

How to obtain backlinks:

1. **Create high-quality, shareable content**: The most effective way of earning backlinks is by creating great content that visitors naturally want to link to.

2. **Guest Posting**: Write articles for other websites in your industry. Most sites will allow you to include at least one backlink to your site within your post.

3. **Broken Link Building**: Find dead links on other websites, alert the site owners, and suggest your content as a replacement for the broken link.

4. **Competitor Analysis**: Use SEO tools to find out where your competitors are getting their backlinks from, and see if you can also earn a backlink from the same sources.

5. **Social Media**: Share your content on social media platforms. If your content is shared or interacted with, it may potentially lead to people linking it on their blogs or websites.

6. **Local SEO and Directory Listings**: Getting your website listed on high-quality directory sites can provide backlinks and often, local traffic.

Remember, while backlinks are important, not all backlinks are created equal. A backlink from a high-authority, highly relevant site in your industry is far more valuable than one from a low-quality or unrelated site. Quality should always be your priority over quantity. Emphasizing quality backlinks ensures your SEO efforts are future-proof regardless of any algorithm updates from search engines.

Structured Data and Schema Markup are two crucial aspects of current Search Engine Optimization (SEO) strategies and can significantly affect your website's visibility in Search engine results pages (SERPs).

**Structured Data:** In essence, structured data is a standardized way to provide information about a page to search engines. It classifies the page content into types and properties that search engines understand, such as 'Article', 'Product', 'Review', etc. With more specific and categorized information about a page, search engines can deliver more accurate results to users.

**Schema Markup:** Schema markup is a manifestation of structured data. It's a semantic vocabulary developed collaboratively by major search engines Google, Bing, Yahoo!, and Yandex, to create a shared data language. By integrating Schema Markup into your HTML, you help these engines understand your content better and offer more detailed results.

These tools significantly enhance SEO in several ways:

1. **Rich Snippets and Enhanced SERP Features:** Using structured data and schema markup gives search engines the ability to provide richer search results, including images, reviews, or star ratings. These enrichments (collectively known as 'Rich Snippets') increase the visibility of your site's listing on SERP, making it more appealing and clickable for users.

2. **Improved Crawlability:** By distinctly outlining and categorizing your content, you make it easy for search engines to comprehend your site, thus improving crawlability.

3. **Increase Site Quality:** Search engines, especially Google, consider structured data as a quality indicator. Websites using these techniques are likely to be viewed as reliable and authoritative brands. It can, therefore, indirectly influence rankings and Domain Authority.

4. **Voice Search Optimization:** As voice search gains popularity, structured data allows search engines to pair accurate answers to the voice queries using the details from your site.

5. **Potential for Increased Click-Through Rate (CTR):** Well-implemented structured data can make your website's information more appealing and informationally rich. It means search engine users may be more likely to click on your listing over others, leading to a potential increase in CTR.

Remember, structured data and schema markup are not a ranking factor directly. Instead, they improve your website's presentation on the SERP, which can considerably affect click and engagement rates. As a result, they are an essential part of modern SEO strategies – a key to ensuring effective communication between your website and search engines.

The first space shuttle launch, internationally recognized as a significant historical milestone in human space exploration, was that of the Space Shuttle Columbia, launched by NASA, the United States' space agency.

This event took place on April 12, 1981, coincidentally 20 years to the day after Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit Earth. The launch took place at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, USA.

The mission was designated STS-1 (Space Transportation System-1), signifying the initial flight of the Space Shuttle program. The major objectives of the STS-1 mission were to accomplish a safe ascent into orbit, check out all systems on the Space Shuttle (particularly those which could not be tested on the ground), and to safely return to Earth for a horizontal landing on a runway.

The STS-1 mission was piloted by two astronauts: John W. Young, the spacecraft commander, and Robert L. Crippen, the pilot. John Young was a veteran astronaut from the Gemini and Apollo programs. Robert Crippen, on the other hand, was a first-time space flyer.

The Space Shuttle Columbia orbited the Earth 36 times over a period of 2 days, 6 hours, 20 minutes, 53 seconds, and was then safely and successfully landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California.

The success of STS-1 marked the beginning of the Space Shuttle program that was central to NASA's space exploration efforts from the 1980s up until 2011.

For anyone interested in vast fields of space and exploration, missions like these provide great historical context and vibrant details to consider.

The Space Shuttle Program, also known as "The Space Transportation System", was an integral part of NASA's missions from 1981 to 2011. The key purposes of the program were both practical and aspirational.

1. **Low-cost access to space**: The Space Shuttle, being reusable, was designed to offer a cheaper, more regular, and more versatile access to space than previous launch systems. The main vehicle could be used up to 100 times.

2. **Building the International Space Station (ISS)**: One of the central objectives of the Shuttle Program was the construction of the ISS. A significant portion of the ISS was assembled using space shuttle missions which transported modules, solar arrays, and other components into space.

3. **Satellite Deployment and Repair**: Deployment, repair, and maintenance of satellites were key objectives. Among the satellites deployed by shuttles were the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The Shuttle made servicing missions possible, most notably for the repair and upgrade of the Hubble Space Telescope.

4. **Scientific Research**: The Shuttle enabled vast amounts of scientific research. Experiments in biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, and materials science were conducted in the orbiter's lab. It also flew numerous astronomy and Earth-observing missions.

5. **Promoting International Collaboration**: The Shuttle program played a key role in fostering international cooperation in space. This was seen particularly in the collaboration between NASA and the Russian space agency Roscosmos, using the space shuttle to ferry astronauts and supplies to and from the ISS.

6. **Education and inspiration**: The program also had a wider societal and educational aim. The first civilian in space, school teacher Christa McAuliffe, was part of the STS-51-L mission (tragically ending in the Challenger disaster) as part of an effort to inspire the public, particularly children, about space exploration.

In short term, the objective was to frequent space missions for satellite deployments and research. However, in long term, it aimed at enabling humans to live and work in space for long periods, promote international cooperation, increase our knowledge of the Earth and cosmos, and inspire generations to join in the pursuits of knowledge and exploration.

These missions, while paving way for incredible scientific advancements, also taught us important lessons about perseverance in face of disasters like The Challenger and Columbia accidents. Moreover, the engineering done to achieve the goals of the shuttle program furthered our understanding in diverse fields, from materials science to computer programming, providing benefits that reach far beyond the scope of space exploration.

The Space Shuttle Program, operated by NASA from 1981 to 2011, led to numerous technological advancements and scientific discoveries that completely changed our understanding of space, Earth, and life itself. Let's explore some of the most significant contributions.

1. **Reusable Orbital Vehicle:** The Space Shuttle was the first reusable orbital vehicle, which greatly impacted the approach to space exploration and international cooperation in space activities. It opened the door for cost-effective access to space, providing a model for future programs like SpaceX's reusable Falcon rockets.

2. **Remote Manipulator System/Canadarm:** This iconic robotic arm was used to deploy and capture satellites, maneuver payloads in the cargo bay, and support astronauts in spacewalks. Its technology has found ground uses as well, notably in robotic surgery and remotely controlled machinery situations.

3. **Advancements in Materials Science:** The creation of new materials was crucial for the Space Shuttle. For example, Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC), used on the wing leading edges and nose cap, could withstand extreme temperatures. Another innovation was the thermal protection tiles that shielded the shuttle during re-entry.

4. **Development of Life Support Systems:** The Space Shuttle helped in the evolution of life support systems. From advanced systems for oxygen generation, carbon dioxide removal to water recovery systems, these advancements have had implications for improving life on Earth too, such as improving air quality in buildings and aiding in water purification technology.

5. **SpaceLab & Scientific Discoveries:** SpaceLab, a reusable laboratory that flew inside the Space Shuttle's cargo bay, carried out hundreds of experiments in microgravity. It led to vital discoveries in astronomy, atmospheric physics, Earth observation, climate research, and biological sciences.

6. **International Space Station (ISS):** Without the Space Shuttle, the assembly of the ISS would not have been possible. Shuttle missions helped deliver major modules, supplies, and crews to the ISS. The ISS is a test bed for technologies that will be crucial for missions to Mars and beyond.

7. **Hubble Space Telescope (HST):** The Shuttle helped deploy the HST and carried out subsequent servicing missions, including the exquisite fine guidance sensor, camera, and spectrograph replacements. The HST has changed our understanding of the universe, including calculation of universe's rate of expansion, and detection of black holes.

8. **Inspiring Technology Spinoffs:** Many technology spinoffs have originated from the program that impacted daily life on Earth, including improvements to artificial limbs, aircraft anti-icing systems, video stabilization software, fire-resistant materials, and even a particular type of scratch-resistant eyeglass lenses.

As you can see, the Space Shuttle Program's legacy extends far beyond its primary goal of space exploration. It gradually influenced various fields, like medicine, transportation, public safety, consumer goods, environmental and resource management, to structure and materials. Therefore, the technologies developed and knowledge gathered continue to offer valuable lessons and inspire future space missions and terrestrial applications.