“The Picture of Dorian Gray,” the only novel written by Oscar Wilde, is a rich text that deals with a multitude of themes, often using wit and satire to explore and critique Victorian society's morals and hypocrisy. Here are the main themes developed throughout the novel:

1. Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art: One of the central themes is the relationship between beauty and art. Even in the preface, Wilde famously states, "All art is quite useless." Through the novel, he explores the aesthetic movement's belief that art should be appreciated for its beauty and form without any moral or utilitarian purpose.

2. The Duplicity of Human Nature: Dorian Gray is the personification of the duality between external beauty and internal corruption. As his portrait becomes more grotesque with each of his immoral acts, Dorian's physical appearance remains youthful and flawless. This juxtaposition explores the contrast between one's true nature and the facade one presents to the world.

3. Influence and Manipulation: The character Lord Henry Wotton is a key figure in influencing Dorian's philosophy and actions. The theme of manipulation runs strongly throughout the narrative, questioning the power one person can hold over another's actions and the dangers that come with such influence.

4. Morality and Immorality: The novel delves into different characters' perspectives on morality and the consequences of a life led without ethical considerations. Dorian’s descent into immorality is contrasted with the other characters who embody various levels of virtue and vice.

5. The Transience of Life and Youth: Wilde examines society's obsession with youth and beauty, and the lengths to which people will go to preserve them. Dorian's desire to remain young forever is a metaphor for the fear of aging and death, a universal human concern.

6. Self-Discovery and Identity: Through Dorian’s experiences and the influence of Lord Henry, the story depicts an individual's search for personal identity and the perils of losing oneself in hedonism and self-indulgence.

7. Consequences and Guilt: Dorian’s portrait acts as a sort of conscience, reflecting the degradation of his soul and the cumulative weight of his misdeeds. Wilde uses this to explore the inevitable consequences of one's actions and the burden of guilt that follows.

8. Hypocrisy of Society: Throughout the novel, Wilde exposes the hypocrisy of Victorian society, particularly in its moral judgments. The elite's double standards and the superficiality of their social mores are put on full display.

These themes work together to provide a complex picture of the human experience within the setting of Victorian England. Wilde's literary techniques, such as the use of symbolism, epigrams, and the gothic elements in his narrative, allow him to develop these themes in a way that continues to provoke thought and discussion among readers to this day.

In Oscar Wilde's "The Picture of Dorian Gray," Lord Henry Wotton is a pivotal figure who exerts a profound influence on the eponymous protagonist, Dorian Gray. His impact on Dorian's transformation is multifaceted and significant, both philosophically and through the alteration of Dorian's behavior and outlook on life.

1. **Philosophical Influence**: Lord Henry espouses a hedonistic worldview that reveres beauty and pleasure above all else. His articulate and charismatic expression of these ideals captivates Dorian. The young Dorian is impressionable and, upon meeting Lord Henry, becomes enamored with his sophisticated perspective and rhetoric. Henry's philosophy can be summarized by his own words: "The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it." This becomes a central tenet in Dorian's subsequent choices and transformations.

2. **Moral Disregard**: Lord Henry often promotes a kind of moral nihilism, suggesting that conventional morality is a constraint on personal freedom and the pursuit of pleasure. His influence encourages Dorian to view conventional morality with disdain and to prioritize the pursuit of individual desires.

3. **Catalyst for Change**: It is Lord Henry who first plants the seed of eternal youth in Dorian's mind. When Dorian expresses a desire to always remain as young and beautiful as he is in Basil Hallward's portrait, it is Lord Henry's philosophies that echo in his wish. This longing leads Dorian to the fateful wish that the painting would bear the brunt of his aging and sins, while he would remain unmarked and beautiful.

4. **Encouragement of Self-Indulgence**: As Dorian begins to explore pleasures in a variety of forms, it is often with the encouragement or provocation of Lord Henry. Lord Henry's musings poetically justify Dorian's self-indulgent behavior, leading him to further embrace a decadent lifestyle devoid of consequence.

5. **Manipulation**: Although not overtly coercive, Lord Henry's influence is manipulative. Dorian becomes somewhat of a project for him, a person to mold and shape according to his worldview. Lord Henry takes pleasure in the control he appears to have over Dorian, as seen in their numerous conversations where Henry's paradoxical and provocative statements often dictate the nature of their relationship.

6. **Erosion of Conscience**: As Dorian delves deeper into a hedonistic lifestyle, he loses his innocence and his ability to empathize with others, which can be directly traced back to Lord Henry's teachings. While Lord Henry might not directly instruct Dorian to commit any deeds, his insidious, ongoing whispers of encouragement effectively erode Dorian's conscience.

In conclusion, Lord Henry plays an essential role in Dorian Gray's transformation through his embrace of aestheticism and hedonism, dismissal of morality, and the alluring picture he paints of a life lived for beauty and pleasure. Despite not directly engaging in the actions that lead to Dorian's downfall, Lord Henry's influence acts as a catalyst for Dorian's moral decay, ultimately leading to a life of superficiality and the eventual disintegration of his soul. It's important to note that Lord Henry represents the seductive nature of influence and the dangers of persuasive rhetoric on vulnerable minds, a theme that reflects Wilde's exploration of Victorian society's values and the duality of human nature.

Managing volunteers in a non-profit organization requires a unique approach since these individuals offer their time and skills without financial compensation. Here are some best practices and tools to help you manage volunteers effectively:

### Best Practices:

1. **Clear Communication:**
- Articulate your organization's mission, goals, and expectations for volunteers. Provide detailed information about tasks and responsibilities.
- Use multiple channels to communicate with your volunteers, such as emails, newsletters, and meetings.

2. **Structured Onboarding:**
- Offer orientation sessions to introduce volunteers to your organization, staff, and other volunteers.
- Provide training that equips volunteers with the knowledge and skills they need to perform their tasks.

3. **Defined Roles and Responsibilities:**
- Create specific volunteer roles with clear job descriptions to help volunteers understand exactly what is expected of them.

4. **Recognition and Appreciation:**
- Acknowledge the contributions of your volunteers regularly. This can range from a simple thank-you note to public recognition events or awards.
- Offer letters of recommendation or certifications that can help volunteers in their careers or educational pursuits.

5. **Feedback and Support:**
- Maintain open lines for feedback. Allow volunteers to voice their opinions and suggestions.
- Provide support where necessary to ensure volunteers feel equipped and valued.

6. **Flexibility:**
- Recognize that volunteers have different availability and may prefer different types of tasks. Be flexible in scheduling and assigning work.

7. **Fostering Community:**
- Encourage a sense of community among your volunteers by organizing social events or casual meet-ups.
- Highlight how their work contributes to the broader impact of the organization.

8. **Tracking Progress:**
- Monitor volunteer activities and project progress to ensure tasks are completed efficiently.
- Use this data not only for tracking purposes but also for recognizing milestones and achievements.

9. **Risk Management:**
- Ensure all volunteers are aware of safety protocols and legal requirements.
- Have adequate insurance coverage in case of accidents or unforeseen events.

### Tools:

1. **Volunteer Management Software:**
- Use specialized software like VolunteerHub, SignUpGenius, or VolunteerMark to manage schedules, track hours, and keep volunteer data organized.

2. **Project Management Tools:**
- Utilize tools such as Trello, Asana, or Basecamp for task assignment and progress tracking.

3. **Communication Platforms:**
- Employ messaging and conferencing tools like Slack, WhatsApp groups, or Zoom for easy and quick communication.

4. **Document Sharing Services:**
- Use Google Drive, Dropbox, or OneDrive to share important documents, training materials, and schedules with volunteers.

5. **Survey and Feedback Tools:**
- Tools like SurveyMonkey or Google Forms can be used to gather feedback from volunteers.

6. **Social Media & Community Building:**
- Leverage social networking platforms like Facebook Groups or LinkedIn to build a community and keep volunteers engaged.

7. **Recognition Platforms:**
- Platforms like Bonusly or Kudos can facilitate peer recognition and encouragement amongst volunteers.

Remember that while tools can help streamline processes, the core foundation of successful volunteer management lies in understanding the motivations of volunteers and supporting them as they contribute to your organization's mission. Tailor these best practices and tools to fit the specific needs and culture of your non-profit to build a robust and active volunteer community.

Raising funds for small non-profits can indeed be challenging due to limited resources, but with the right strategies, even small organizations can engage donors and secure the support they need. For such non-profits, it's crucial to use cost-effective methods that maximize engagement and foster long-term relationships with donors. Here are some strategies that work well for small non-profits:

1. **Personalized Outreach**: Small non-profits often have the advantage of a dedicated, albeit smaller, donor base. Personalizing communication with these donors can make a significant impact. Thanking them for past support and demonstrating the direct impact of their donations can encourage repeat giving.

2. **Community Events**: Host local events to raise awareness, engage the community, and raise funds. Consider events like charity runs/walks, bake sales, local auctions, or community fairs. Not only can these serve as fundraising opportunities, but they also help garner local support and build a donor network.

3. **Digital Campaigns**: Utilize social media and email marketing to reach a broader audience at a lower cost. Online campaigns, including crowdfunding and peer-to-peer fundraising, allow supporters to easily share your mission with their networks, extending your reach.

4. **Grants**: Research and apply for grants provided by governmental organizations, foundations, and corporations. This approach requires dedicated time for writing proposals, but securing a grant can make a significant financial difference.

5. **Major Donor Cultivation**: Identify and cultivate relationships with potential major donors. These are individuals who have the capacity to make significant contributions. Host special events or meetings to engage with them and discuss your non-profit's impact and needs.

6. **Recurring Donations**: Encourage your donors to sign up for monthly giving programs. Recurring donations can provide a more stable and predictable source of income for your non-profit.

7. **Corporate Partnerships**: Form partnerships with local businesses for sponsorships or matched giving programs. These businesses often seek ways to demonstrate corporate social responsibility, and partnerships with non-profits can be mutually beneficial.

8. **In-Kind Donations and Services**: In addition to monetary contributions, encourage donors to provide goods and services that are useful for your operations or fundraising events. This can help reduce your costs and engage a different segment of supporters.

9. **Showcase Impact**: Transparency about how funds are used is critical. Show your donors the impact of their contributions through stories, case studies, and reports. Providing clear evidence of the impact can inspire further investment.

10. **Skill-Based Volunteering**: Engage professionals who are willing to donate their time and expertise. For example, a marketing professional might help with your promotional efforts, or an accountant might assist with your financial planning.

11. **Membership Programs**: Establish a membership model where supporters receive certain benefits or exclusive updates in return for an annual fee. It can instill a sense of belonging and commitment to your cause.

12. **Cause-Related Marketing**: Partner with businesses to create campaigns where a portion of sales from specific products or services is donated to your cause. This not only provides funds but also increases awareness.

13. **Donor Research and Segmentation**: Understand your donor base and segment them based on their interests and capacity to give. Tailored approaches to different segments can increase the effectiveness of your campaigns.

When implementing these strategies, keep in mind the importance of developing a strong fundraising plan that aligns with your overall goals, mission, and capacity. Building relationships with donors, communicating effectively, and thanking donors promptly and sincerely are fundamental practices that strengthen all forms of fundraising activity.

Ultimately, the key to successful fundraising is to combine various approaches that align with your non-profit's values, mission, and the interests of your target audience, while continually learning from each campaign to improve future endeavors.

To achieve tax-exempt status in the United States under IRS Section 501(c)(3), a non-profit organization needs to go through several key steps. Here’s a comprehensive outline of the process:

1. **Incorporate as a Non-profit Corporation**: Before applying for tax-exempt status, an organization must be formally acknowledged as a non-profit entity at the state level. This typically involves filing articles of incorporation with the appropriate state agency, usually the Secretary of State's office, and adhering to any other state-specific requirements.

2. **Obtain an Employer Identification Number (EIN)**: Even if you do not have employees, non-profits must acquire an EIN for identification purposes. This can be done quickly and conveniently through the IRS website, by fax, or by mail.

3. **Adopt a Mission Statement and Bylaws**: The mission statement should clearly define the organization's purpose, and the bylaws should outline the rules for governance. These documents demonstrate to the IRS that the organization will engage in activities consistent with its tax-exempt purposes.

4. **Assemble a Board of Directors**: Select a board of directors who will govern the non-profit. It’s advisable to choose individuals who are committed to the organization's mission and who bring diverse skills to the table.

5. **File IRS Form 1023 or 1023-EZ**: This is the Application for Recognition of Exemption. Form 1023 is the standard, long-form application, while Form 1023-EZ is a streamlined version for smaller non-profits that meet certain criteria. These forms can be quite detailed, requesting information about organizational structure, governance, finances, and activities.

- For Form 1023, the organization must provide a detailed description of its activities, including how they further its exempt purposes, and must attach organizational documents, like the articles of incorporation and bylaws.
- Form 1023-EZ has eligibility requirements, such as gross receipts of $50,000 or less and assets valued at $250,000 or less, and can be filed online, simplifying the process.

6. **Pay the Applicable Filing Fee**: As of 2021, there is a fee that must be paid with the application, which varies depending on the form submitted. Form 1023 has a higher fee than Form 1023-EZ.

7. **Await Determination**: After submission, the organization must wait for the IRS to review its application. Approval times can vary widely from just a few weeks for 1023-EZ applications to several months or more for Form 1023 applications. The IRS may also request additional information if needed to make a determination.

8. **State-level Tax Exemptions**: Once federal exemption is granted, non-profits may also need to apply for state-level tax exemptions, which often involve a separate application to the state’s department of revenue.

Once these steps are completed and the IRS has granted tax-exempt status, the non-profit will receive a determination letter, which is critical proof of the organization's tax-exempt status and is necessary for tasks such as opening a bank account and applying for grant funding. Moreover, the organization must adhere to certain ongoing compliance requirements, such as filing annual informational returns with the IRS (Form 990 series), to maintain its tax-exempt status.

It's important to consult with professionals, such as lawyers and accountants who specialize in non-profit law and tax matters, to ensure that the process is handled correctly. The specific steps and documentation required can depend on the nature and size of the organization, and professional expertise can help avoid common pitfalls.

Organizing a successful charity event requires attention to detail, strategic planning, and a clear understanding of your objectives. To optimize the impact and success of your charity event, focus on the following key elements:

1. Clear Mission and Goals:
- Define the purpose of your event and the specific outcomes you aim to achieve, such as fundraising targets, awareness-raising, or increasing volunteer engagement.
- Link the event activities and theme directly to your charity's mission to reinforce the message and ensure coherence.

2. Detailed Planning:
- Create a comprehensive plan that includes a timeline, budget, venue selection, logistics, staffing, and any potential risks or contingencies.
- Establish committees or teams with clear roles and responsibilities to manage different aspects of the event effectively.

3. Budgeting and Financial Management:
- Develop a realistic budget that accounts for all potential expenses and revenues. This should include venue costs, catering, entertainment, marketing, and any other costs associated with the event.
- Monitor expenses closely and look for opportunities to reduce costs, perhaps through in-kind donations or sponsorships.

4. Compelling Programming:
- Design an engaging program that keeps guests entertained and informed. This could include guest speakers, performances, auctions, raffles, or interactive activities.
- Ensure the program aligns with the audience's interests and motivates them to support the cause.

5. Marketing and Promotion:
- Implement a multi-channel marketing strategy that leverages social media, email campaigns, local media, and community partnerships to spread the word about your event.
- Utilize storytelling to connect potential attendees emotionally with your cause and encourage participation and donations.

6. Sponsorship and Partnership:
- Seek corporate sponsorships, partnerships, and endorsements to increase credibility, reach, and financial support.
- Provide value to sponsors through brand exposure, networking opportunities, and association with a good cause.

7. Engagement and Experience:
- Focus on creating a memorable experience for attendees, as this can foster long-term support for the charity.
- Provide opportunities for engagement, such as interactive exhibits, meet-and-greets with beneficiaries or ambassadors, or hands-on volunteer activities during the event.

8. Legal Considerations:
- Ensure compliance with all relevant laws and regulations, including permits, insurance, tax requirements, and health and safety standards.

9. Technology and Tools:
- Leverage technology for event management, including registration platforms, mobile apps, and social media integration.
- Consider using online tools for virtual components, live streaming, or online donations if relevant.

10. Follow-up and Impact Measurement:
- After the event, follow up with attendees and sponsors to thank them and provide information on the impact of their support.
- Measure the success of the event against the initial goals and objectives, and gather feedback to inform future events.

11. Documentation and Storytelling:
- Capture the event through photos, videos, and testimonials to tell the story of the event's success and its contribution to the charity's mission.
- Use this content for post-event communications and to build momentum for future initiatives.

By focusing on these elements and consistently reflecting on each stage of the event—from planning to follow-up—you can create a robust blueprint for a successful charity event that not only achieves its immediate objectives but also builds a strong foundation for ongoing community support and engagement.

In the original "Super Mario Bros." game released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1985, warp zones are special hidden areas that allow you to skip forward to later worlds in the game. These can be incredibly helpful in saving time and in bypassing particularly difficult levels. Here are the known warp zones and instructions on how to access them:

**World 1-2 Warp Zone to Worlds 2, 3, and 4:**

1. Play through World 1-1 and advance to World 1-2.
2. About halfway through World 1-2, you will find a series of platforms with Goombas walking on them. Above these platforms are blocks that can be broken if Super Mario or Fire Mario hits them.
3. You need to break two blocks that are in the line with the pipe that doesn't have a Piranha Plant in it. This is located right after the Goomba platforms mentioned above.
4. Once you have broken these blocks, jump on top of the pipe.
5. Now that you are on top of the pipe, jump to the ceiling and move to the right. Mario will be walking on the ceiling off-screen.
6. Keep walking to the right until you reach the end. There you will drop into a small room with three pipes labeled to Worlds 2, 3, and 4.
7. Enter the desired pipe to warp to the beginning of that World.

**World 4-2 Warp Zone to Worlds 2, 3, and 4:**

There's actually another warp zone that can be accessed in World 4-2 which leads to the same worlds as the World 1-2 warp zone, but it is more hidden. To access it:

1. Make your way through World 4-2 until you reach a section with a moving platform.
2. Before you use the moving platform, use the blocks to hit an invisible block containing a vine.
3. Climb the vine to reach a bonus area.
4. At the end of this bonus area, you will drop down into a room with a warp zone that leads to Worlds 2, 3, and 4 as well as in World 1-2.

**World 4-2 Warp Zone to World 5:**

Alternatively, in World 4-2, you can find a warp zone to World 5 using a different method:

1. Continue through World 4-2 past the first set of elevators you come across.
2. Before you use the second set of elevators, you must perform a jump maneuver to reveal an invisible block. This block can be strategically used to break a hole in the ceiling without needing to jump from the elevators first.
3. Jump onto the ceiling and run to the right as in World 1-2.
4. You will enter a zone with a pipe leading directly to World 5.

**World 8 Warp Zone:**

Finally, the last warp zone is in World 4-2 but leads to World 8, the final World:

1. To access this warp zone, you must use the same moving platform mentioned earlier in World 4-2, but instead of hitting the invisible block for the vine, continue to the right and use the platform to reach the ceiling of the stage.
2. Run along the top of the stage (similar to the technique in World 1-2) until you reach a gap.
3. Drop down the gap while still on the ceiling, which takes you to a hidden area.
4. This area has three pipes, which will take you to World 8 if entered.

Remember that warp zones effectively allow you to skip large portions of the game, which can be very gratifying, but also means missing out on some levels and the added challenge that they provide. Enjoy discovering these classic shortcuts!

Defeating Bowser in the final castle of the original Super Mario Bros. game can be challenging, but with the right strategy, you can improve your chances of success. Here are some tips and strategies to help you conquer Bowser in World 8-4, the final stage of the game:

1. Learn Bowser's pattern: Bowser has a simple attack pattern where he jumps and breathes fire. Take some time to observe his movements so you can predict when to run or when to hold back.

2. Keep your distance: Try to stay far enough away from Bowser so that you have time to react to his fire breath and jumping. If you're using small Mario, staying slightly farther back can give you more time to react.

3. Use power-ups wisely: If you've managed to hold onto a power-up like the Super Mushroom or Fire Flower, it can make the battle much easier. As Fire Mario, you can defeat Bowser by hitting him with 5 fireballs. If you're Super Mario or small Mario, your strategy will revolve more around dodging and timing.

4. The axe tactic: The goal in the Bowser fight is not actually to defeat him through attacks but to reach the axe on the other side of the bridge he's on. You have to wait for the right moment, when Bowser jumps high enough for you to run underneath him, and then sprint towards the axe. Touching the axe will drop Bowser into the lava below, ending the battle.

5. Small Mario advantage: If you're playing as small Mario, you have a slight advantage because of your smaller size, which makes it easier to slip past Bowser when he jumps. However, you also have less margin for error since one hit will cost you a life.

6. Practice makes perfect: The final castle can be tricky, with its maze-like structure and various enemies. Make sure you also focus on reaching Bowser with as many lives as possible by mastering the earlier sections of the castle.

Remember, each time you play through the level, you'll become more familiar with Bowser's attack pattern and the timing needed to get past him. Patience and practice are key. Also, for players seeking an even greater advantage, studying walkthroughs or gameplay videos can provide additional insights into defeating Bowser effectively. Keep trying, and eventually, you'll time your run to perfection and send Bowser tumbling into the lava below.

In the original "Super Mario Bros." for the NES released in 1985, Mario and Luigi do not have any gameplay differences. Both characters control identically in terms of running speed, jumping height, and general mechanics. The choice between Mario and Luigi is purely cosmetic, allowing a second player to distinguish themselves from the first player during a two-player game. It wasn't until later games, such as "Super Mario Bros. 2" and others in the franchise, that the characters began to exhibit unique abilities and characteristics.

Here are the key points for clarity and future reference:

- In the original "Super Mario Bros." (1985), Mario and Luigi are functionally identical in how they play.
- They have the same running speed, jump height, and reaction to power-ups.
- The choice of character doesn’t affect the game’s difficulty, level design, or enemy behavior.
- Their unique visual designs serve to differentiate Player 1 (Mario) from Player 2 (Luigi) in the game's two-player mode.
- Variations in character abilities came into play in subsequent games, with "Super Mario Bros. 2" introducing different jump heights and strengths among the characters for the first time.

Understanding this information is useful not just from a historical gaming perspective, but also for those interested in game design and the evolution of character differentiation in video games.

The original "Super Mario Bros." for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), released in 1985, is one of the most iconic video games of all time. The game is structured into eight distinct worlds, each consisting of four levels, commonly referred to as stages. This brings the total to 32 levels in the entirety of the game.

Here's a breakdown of the worlds and their corresponding stages:

- **World 1**: Overworld, Underground, Overworld (with a repeat of the iconic first level's design), and Castle
- **World 2**: Overworld, Underwater, Overworld, and Castle
- **World 3**: Overworld (night), Overworld (with platforms and jumping Cheep Cheeps), Overworld (night), and Castle
- **World 4**: Overworld, Underwater, Overworld, and Castle
- **World 5**: Overworld (winter), Underground, Overworld (winter), and Castle
- **World 6**: Overworld (autumn), Overworld with a Lakitu throwing Spiny eggs, Overworld (autumn with more enemies and obstacles), and Castle
- **World 7**: Overworld, Overworld with Lakitu and Bullet Bills, Overworld (maze-like with repetitive structures), and Castle
- **World 8**: Overworld (filled with hazards, no power-ups), Underworld (lava-themed), Overworld (tank and cannon arrays), and Castle/Castle Dungeon (the final challenge leading to the final boss battle with Bowser)

Each level has its own unique challenges, enemy types, and game-play mechanics. The level design becomes progressively more challenging as the player advances through the game. The "Overworld" and "Castle" levels appear in each world, but the environments and difficulties change. For example, "Underground" levels will usually have enclosed spaces with plenty of pipes and breakable blocks, while "Underwater" levels feature swimming mechanics and aquatic enemies.

In addition to these standard levels, there are also a number of hidden Warp Zones found within the game that allow players to skip ahead to later worlds, typically accessed by discovering secret areas within certain levels.

The various enemy types, platforming challenges, and the game's music and sound effects all contribute to the enduring popularity of "Super Mario Bros." Its levels and game design principles have been studied and admired by game developers and players alike, remaining influential and relevant even decades after the game's initial release.